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文(wen)章來源:互聯網(wang) 更(geng)新時間:2015-12-09
小區生(sheng)活污水(shui)回用(yong)不僅可(ke)以為水(shui)資源匱乏地區提供了(le)新的(de)“水(shui)源”,即使對水(shui)源豐沛的(de)地區,也可(ke)以起到防治(zhi)污染的(de)作用(yong),減輕(qing)城市下水(shui)管網和污水(shui)處理的(de)壓力。
1小區生活污水的典型處理工藝
小區(qu)生活污(wu)水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)是在傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)基礎上(shang)發展起來的(de)。常規城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)水(shui)二(er)級生物處理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)主要有(you):氧化(hua)溝技術、SBR工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(系列(lie))、BAF工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、A2/O工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、生物處理(li)(li)(li)+人(ren)工(gong)(gong)濕地(di)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)等。根據(ju)小區(qu)及(ji)其(qi)污(wu)水(shui)的(de)特點(dian),一般小區(qu)生活污(wu)水(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)設施應工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流程(cheng)合(he)理(li)(li)(li),處理(li)(li)(li)效果穩定(ding),采用一體(ti)化(hua)設施,并盡量采用地(di)埋式處理(li)(li)(li),地(di)面進行(xing)綠化(hua);如采用地(di)上(shang)式處理(li)(li)(li),需與(yu)周圍環(huan)境協(xie)調(diao),并盡量減(jian)少如臭味(wei)、噪聲、污(wu)泥等二(er)次污(wu)染。
2小區生活污水的回用技術
近年來,通過(guo)對(dui)(dui)國外成熟技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)借鑒(jian)和國內的(de)研究實踐,小(xiao)區回用(yong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)得到了很(hen)快(kuai)的(de)發展(zhan)。生(sheng)活污(wu)水(shui)深度(du)處(chu)理的(de)目的(de)是進一步去(qu)除污(wu)水(shui)中的(de)懸浮(fu)物(SS)、有機物、氮磷(lin)等(deng)營養鹽以(yi)及可溶的(de)無(wu)機鹽等(deng)。根據(ju)污(wu)水(shui)回用(yong)用(yong)途(tu)和地理條件的(de)不(bu)同,處(chu)理工藝與(yu)流程(cheng)也(ye)有著很(hen)大(da)的(de)區別。污(wu)水(shui)的(de)深度(du)處(chu)理流程(cheng)通常有以(yi)下(xia)幾類:(1)混凝、澄清、過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)法(fa);(2)直接(jie)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)法(fa);(3)微絮(xu)凝過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)法(fa);(4)接(jie)觸氧化法(fa);(5)生(sheng)物快(kuai)濾(lv)(lv)池法(fa);(6)流化床(chuang)生(sheng)物氧化法(fa);(7)活性炭吸附法(fa);(8)膜(mo)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(超濾(lv)(lv)、納(na)濾(lv)(lv)等(deng));(9)生(sheng)物膜(mo)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)小(xiao)區生(sheng)活污(wu)水(shui)回用(yong),根據(ju)污(wu)水(shui)回用(yong)的(de)去(qu)向,我國一般采用(yong)以(yi)下(xia)工藝流程(cheng)。
表3常見(jian)小區生活污(wu)水回用工藝流程
1綠化、沖廁(ce)等二級出水(shui)→消毒→回用
2空調冷卻水等二級出水→過濾→消毒→回用
3洗車、消(xiao)防(fang)、空調(diao)冷卻水等二(er)級出水→混凝沉(chen)淀→砂濾→消(xiao)毒(du)→回用
隨著小區生(sheng)(sheng)活污水(shui)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)的發展,二(er)級(ji)(ji)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)及(ji)深(shen)度(du)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)的差異(yi)不再(zai)像以往明顯,諸如生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)膜(mo)技術(shu)、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)活性(xing)炭技術(shu)、BAF工藝(yi)等作為二(er)級(ji)(ji)強化(hua)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li),一(yi)般二(er)級(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)化(hua)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)出水(shui)經過混凝沉淀(dian)和過濾等深(shen)度(du)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li),消(xiao)毒后(hou)就可以達到(dao)回(hui)(hui)用要(yao)(yao)求。隨著回(hui)(hui)用要(yao)(yao)求的提高,對于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)活性(xing)炭技術(shu)、
膜生物反應器(qi)、膜技術等深度(du)處理(li)技術也正逐步為(wei)人們所重視。
2.1.1生物活性炭技術
生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)是一(yi)種(zhong)去除微量有機物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)有效方法(fa),其實質是生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)降解(jie)與炭(tan)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)理(li)吸附兩者的(de)(de)(de)協調作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。王占生等以生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)理(li)論為基礎,選用(yong)(yong)(yong)廉(lian)價的(de)(de)(de)多孔性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質或惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(比如陶粒或爐渣(zha)等)來代替活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)型工(gong)藝(yi)———顆粒填料生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)接觸(chu)氧化法(fa),在城市污水深度(du)(du)處理(li)中(zhong)已(yi)經(jing)得(de)到了成功的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)炭(tan)工(gong)藝(yi)處理(li)小區生活(huo)污水二(er)級出水,可以使最終出水COD降至30mg/L左右(you),BOD、SS、色度(du)(du)等也(ye)可達到回用(yong)(yong)(yong)要求。與傳統的(de)(de)(de)混凝、澄清、過(guo)濾工(gong)藝(yi)相比,該(gai)工(gong)藝(yi)工(gong)程投資(zi)略高,但運行費用(yong)(yong)(yong)較低。
2.1.2膜技術
膜技術(shu)(shu)主要(yao)是指納(na)濾、超濾、滲(shen)透以及反(fan)滲(shen)透等膜分離(li)技術(shu)(shu)。小區(qu)生活污水(shui)(shui)經(jing)二級處(chu)理出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui),經(jing)反(fan)滲(shen)透(RO)等膜技術(shu)(shu)深度處(chu)理,其出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)可作(zuo)為工(gong)業用水(shui)(shui)或生活用水(shui)(shui)。不(bu)過,由于膜技術(shu)(shu)的(de)成(cheng)本很高(gao),且運行(xing)管(guan)理比較麻煩,目(mu)前(qian)在國(guo)內(nei)的(de)應用不(bu)是很廣。
2.1.3膜生物反應器(MBR)
MBR作為一種新型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)技術,在小區生(sheng)(sheng)活污水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方面具(ju)有很好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)前景。MBR集(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)物反應器的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物降解作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和膜的(de)(de)(de)高效分離作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于一體,具(ju)有出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)好(hao)(hao)、處理(li)負荷高、裝(zhuang)置占地面積小、產(chan)泥量(liang)少、易于實現自動控制等優點。其(qi)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)經消毒后可(ke)直接(jie)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),甚至(zhi)可(ke)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源。MBR在發達國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工業中(zhong)(zhong)已(yi)經得到了很好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),但是膜本身成本高,操作系(xi)統復(fu)雜以及運(yun)行成本較高,阻(zu)礙了其(qi)在小區生(sheng)(sheng)活污水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)處理(li)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。
3小區生活污水回用技術的思考
小區(qu)作為一個相對(dui)獨立的(de)生活區(qu)域,這不(bu)僅對(dui)小區(qu)生活污(wu)水的(de)回(hui)用提(ti)出了要求,也使小區(qu)生活污(wu)水回(hui)用技術(shu)在推廣和運(yun)行中面臨著一系列需要思考的(de)問題。
3.1.1回用技術的可靠性
小(xiao)區(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)技術通過多年的研究與發(fa)展,本身已(yi)經逐步完備。小(xiao)區(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)的去向主(zhu)要(yao)是生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)雜用(yong)水(shui)(shui)等,水(shui)(shui)質及其(qi)穩定性要(yao)求高,因此,在實際工(gong)程設計時,必須根據小(xiao)區(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質、水(shui)(shui)量以及小(xiao)區(qu)功能和環(huan)境要(yao)求,選(xuan)擇合理、可靠的處理工(gong)藝;并(bing)要(yao)考慮(lv)能長期安全可靠地運行。
3.1.2回用設施的智能化管理
小(xiao)區(qu)生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)回用設施處理(li)規模較小(xiao),一(yi)般都是兼職(zhi)管(guan)理(li),因此,在設計時必須考(kao)慮(lv)到智(zhi)能化(hua)管(guan)理(li),如采(cai)用PLC自控(kong)等(deng)。小(xiao)區(qu)回用設施采(cai)用PLC自控(kong)等(deng)智(zhi)能化(hua)管(guan)理(li),不僅可以保證(zheng)處理(li)設施穩定(ding)、可靠地運(yun)行(xing),保證(zheng)出水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質的安全,而且(qie)還(huan)促(cu)進了SBR和A2/O等(deng)對控(kong)制系統要(yao)求(qiu)比較高的先進污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)工藝(yi)在小(xiao)區(qu)生活污(wu)水(shui)(shui)回用中的進一(yi)步推廣應(ying)用。
3.1.3回用水的安全性
小(xiao)區生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong)的(de)(de)去向(xiang)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)雜(za)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)非(fei)接(jie)觸(chu)觀賞性景觀用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)(deng),因此,必(bi)須(xu)盡量減少(shao)可能有毒或者有害非(fei)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進入小(xiao)區生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)站,以(yi)防破壞小(xiao)區生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理(li)站的(de)(de)正常運(yun)行或者影(ying)響出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質;而且(qie)從衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)和(he)健(jian)康角(jiao)度考慮,還必(bi)須(xu)對回(hui)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)進行嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)(de)消毒處(chu)理(li)。另(ling)外小(xiao)區生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)用(yong),在作為(wei)綠化(hua)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時,盡量不(bu)要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)噴灌;而作為(wei)景觀用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時,也不(bu)宜作為(wei)瀑布和(he)噴泉等(deng)(deng)易形成水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)霧的(de)(de)景觀用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。
3.1.4回用設施的環境協調
小(xiao)區是一個人(ren)員(yuan)相(xiang)對集中的獨立區域。小(xiao)區生(sheng)活污水回(hui)用設(she)施(shi)在工(gong)藝選擇和(he)(he)單體構筑物的造(zao)型設(she)計上,必須考慮(lv)到周圍人(ren)居環境相(xiang)和(he)(he)諧、協(xie)調。因此,小(xiao)區生(sheng)活污水回(hui)用設(she)施(shi)不僅要求(qiu)工(gong)藝先進(jin)、運行穩定和(he)(he)管理智能,而(er)且(qie)需對運行中的噪(zao)音和(he)(he)氣味有很好的解決方(fang)案,如景觀竹林等人(ren)工(gong)濕地技術;要考慮(lv)到污泥(ni)消化處理,減(jian)少(shao)污泥(ni)的外排量。
4結語
我(wo)國許多(duo)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)面(mian)臨著嚴峻(jun)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)匱(kui)乏(fa),小區(qu)(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)作為一個切實可行的(de)(de)緩解水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)和防(fang)(fang)止污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染的(de)(de)辦法,已經(jing)逐(zhu)步為人們所重(zhong)視。按照我(wo)國新的(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)及污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)技術(shu)政策(ce),要求(qiu)2010年實現城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)率50%以上(shang),污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)率30%以上(shang),污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)于市(shi)(shi)政、工(gong)農業等各個行業。而北(bei)京(jing)(jing)市(shi)(shi)在最近(jin)出臺的(de)(de)《北(bei)京(jing)(jing)市(shi)(shi)中水(shui)(shui)(shui)設施(shi)建設管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)試行辦法》已經(jing)對(dui)小區(qu)(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)提出了明確的(de)(de)要求(qiu),要求(qiu)現有和新建小區(qu)(qu)必須配(pei)建污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)設施(shi)。小區(qu)(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)盡(jin)管(guan)規模比(bi)較小,且分(fen)散,對(dui)運(yun)行管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)帶來(lai)一定(ding)的(de)(de)難度。但由于小區(qu)(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)就近(jin)處理(li)(li)(li)并回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong),水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)穩定(ding)可靠(kao),可減少供水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網的(de)(de)壓力(li)(li),同(tong)時(shi)也(ye)緩解了城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)網和污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)設施(shi)的(de)(de)壓力(li)(li);且對(dui)于水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)匱(kui)乏(fa)也(ye)有一定(ding)的(de)(de)緩解。小區(qu)(qu)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)用(yong)技術(shu)正逐(zhu)步成為污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)一個重(zhong)要方向(xiang)。
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